⚕️ URINALYSIS: MANUAL STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE

🔹 STEP 1: PATIENT PREPARATION AND SAMPLE COLLECTION Explanation: A clean-catch midstream urine sample is best to avoid contamination from skin or genital secretions. Steps: 1. Instruct the patient to clean the genital area with clean water or antiseptic wipes. 2. Ask the patient to void the first part of urine into the toilet. 3. Collect the midstream portion in a clean, dry, sterile container. 4. Close the lid tightly and label the container with the patient's details and time of collection. 🔹 STEP 2: PHYSICAL EXAMINATION (MACROSCOPIC) Explanation: Observes the urine’s appearance to detect abnormalities. Steps: 1. Observe the color: normal urine is pale yellow to amber. Dark yellow may suggest dehydration. Red or brown may indicate blood or myoglobin. 2. Check clarity: normal is clear. Cloudy may suggest infection, pus, or crystals. 3. Note odor: a foul smell can indicate infection. 🔹 STEP 3: CHEMICAL ANALYSIS (USING DIPSTICK) Explanation: A urine dipstick has multiple reagen...